Summary: Despite prolific efforts to characterize the antibody response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) mono-infections, the response to chronic co-infection with these two ever-evolving viruses is poorly understood.Here, we investigate the antibody repertoire of a chronically HIV-1/HCV co-infected individual using linking B cell receptor to antigen specificity through sequencing (LIBRA-seq).We identify five HIV-1/HCV cross-reactive antibodies demonstrating binding Options for studying human motion: neurophysiological program sLORETA and functional cross-reactivity between HIV-1 and HCV envelope glycoproteins.All five antibodies show exceptional HCV neutralization breadth and effector functions against both HIV-1 and HCV.
One antibody, mAb688, also cross-reacts with influenza and coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).We examine the development of these antibodies using next-generation sequencing analysis and lineage tracing and find Evaluating the Provincial Websites of Iran Public Libraries Foundation: A Webometric Study that somatic hypermutation established and enhanced this reactivity.These antibodies provide a potential future direction for therapeutic and vaccine development against current and emerging infectious diseases.More broadly, chronic co-infection represents a complex immunological challenge that can provide insights into the fundamental rules that underly antibody-antigen specificity.